
Live Trial of 5G Connected Car Concept To Launch in Turin, Italy
The international collaboration of tech leaders and public sector on a live connected car trial will pilot new roaming technology for traffic safety on 2 December 2021.
2 DECEMBER 2021, Turin (ITALY) – On 2 December, the City of Turin (Italy) will host a live trial of new driver and pedestrian safety technology allowing near-real-time notification of roadway hazards through 5G-Edge networks. This trial is one of a series conducted internationally by a historic public-private collaboration over the next few years, organized by the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) and eight member companies representing leading technology companies from around the globe.
“This collaboration between the 5G Automotive Association and its member companies is the perfect example of how we can secure safety on roads and build the future of connected mobility,” said Maxime Flament, CTO of 5GAA. “This time, demonstrated use-cases take place in Europe through 5G and Edge networks—I look forward to seeing more in the future in the United States and other continents.”
The promise of 5G and Edge technology has long been anticipated to deliver new connected services that will revolutionize daily life, with the estimated new economic opportunity stretching into the trillions USD over the next 10-years1. The global connected car market size alone is projected to reach USD 191.83 billion by 2028.
5G transmission speeds and so-called “Edge” servers—locally installed, high-powered computers capable of running Artificial Intelligence programs—open the door to smart city technologies like near real-time traffic management and innumerable other business applications. The connected car concept uses this high-speed and Edge computing technology to communicate with car sensors and pedestrian smartphones, via a user-authorized mobile app—about traffic hazards, like accidents and road construction—to Pedestrian and in-vehicle driver safety and efficient navigation.
“The connected car concept is an important validation of the combined value of Edge, of 5G and IOT,” said Paolo Campoli, Head of Global Service Provider sector at Cisco, “We are so excited to take part in this event that creates a platform for innovation in 5G IOT. The integration of 5G mobility, applications and data processing at the Edge requires expertise from very different domains—expertise that Cisco and Partners can bring. It includes elements of automation, intelligent infrastructure and workloads control, cybersecurity protection and end-to-end application observability. The live trial in Turin is a great opportunity to show how the intersection of Edge, 5G and IOT based on Standards creates a platform to connect Service Providers and Industries.”
This live international trial attempts to solve one of the more technical challenges of making the connected car concept a daily reality. The 5G networks underpinning the concept are managed by communication service providers (CoSPs) according to geography, each with different edge solutions that must be able to communicate without interruption of the V2X applications as drivers cross borders. Roaming services—the ability to make a call regardless of the network—is one early success of multi-mobile network operators (MNO). Demonstrating the connected car concept can work in a roaming scenario is the core objective of the live trial and represents the first of any such attempt in Europe.
“Telecom operators will have to play a major role by enabling applications and services for the connected car ecosystem,” says Shamik Mishra, CTO Connectivity, Capgemini Engineering. He further adds: “Capgemini is excited to bring its innovative federated MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing) platform and applications to this 5GAA trial to demonstrate the true value of intelligent industry, leveraging data in the vehicles and edge-cloud. The trials serve as a stepping-stone for realizing the potential for automakers to provide services to their connected cars from the network”. The trial will demonstrate how the car manufacturers, MNOs and technology providers come together to help overcome the challenge of when a vehicle moves from one network boundary to another or Inter-MNO handover of MEC service.
The Turin live trial addresses three objectives:
- Objective 1: Multi-MNO scenario: How can a vehicle, which has radio access to MNO A, use a MEC application, which is operated by MNO B -> Interworking between MNO‘s (by NOT losing the benefits of low latency)
- Objective 2: Global operational Availability: How can an OEM as the MEC application developer be sure, especially on a global basis, that a MEC application works in the same way if it’s operated by MNO A, or if it’s operated by MNO B
- Objective 3: Multi-MNO with roaming scenario: Where the two operators can seamlessly transfer the V2X service from one operator to the other as the car OEM moves from one geo to the other in a roaming scenario. Typically, when an in-vehicle driver does a cross-border travel that involves two operators.
One of the key benefits of the trial is the value demonstrated by bringing in a large ecosystem to help develop not only the technology but also build the business case and model that will help drive the market adoption for 5G and C-V2X to help into the digital transformation of smart cities of the future. To succeed in this endeavor, it will need a village and investment from both public and private sectors to help adopt this new technology to provide a quality of life for all citizens.
The city of Turin is delighted to facilitate the 5GAA Multi Operator MEC Trial with its Smart Road infrastructure and the technical support of 5T. We see – Chiara Foglietta, Deputy Mayor for Mobility, Ecological and Digital transition, Innovation says – C-V2X services as fundamental to develop a sustainable and safe mobility for all the citizens, whatever transport means they use. In the future, Turin wants to continue the collaboration with 5GAA and offer its Smart Road infrastructure for further scale in the live traffic within Torino City Lab and the new project “ Turin House of emerging Technologies – CTE NEXT”
“As TIM, we are honored to be hosting in Turin such a challenging trial by leveraging our Innovation Lab competencies and our pre-commercial instances of Edge Cloud,” says Daniele Franceschini TIM VP Innovation, Standard and Portfolio. “The federation model implemented with our partners enables a ‘continuum’ between Edge Cloud instances allowing players from the automotive industry and beyond to benefit from a seamless cloud experience across country boundaries.”
“Greater connectivity speeds, improved hardware and expanded software expertise have opened new opportunities for Stellantis with safety systems being one of the many areas we focus on,” said Mamatha Chamarthi, Head of Software Business and Product Management. “Through smart and strategic partnerships such as 5GAA, we will capitalize on next-generation systems and prove out the technology.”
The demonstration brings new learnings for various players across the value chain and creates a testbed for trying out new 5G connected car services at the Edge in subsequent phases. The Turin Live Trial will run throughout the day on 2 December 2021.
BACKGROUND
In this live trial, Telecom Italia (TIM), Telefonica, BT/EE will demonstrate the NSA 5G networking capabilities and the Edge Cloud solution to deliver connected car use cases at the Edge of their networks for their customers. TIM makes its Innovation Lab facilities available and its commercial 5G network with pre-commercial Edge Cloud specific features such as Local Break Out, that together with the federation of edge platforms in TIM, BT/EE and Telefonica make the use cases available for roaming users from BT/EE and Telefonica.
The three companies are hosting Capgemini’s ENSCONCE MEC platform, built upon the Intel Smart Edge Open toolkit, the Intel® Distribution of OpenVINO toolkit, and Intel hardware to enable connected car use cases at the Edge on 2nd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable processor equipped Cisco Servers. Intel Smart Edge Open (formerly known as OpenNESS) is a royalty-free edge computing software toolkit for building optimized and performant edge platforms.
“The international live trial of building and provisioning Connected Car edge services in a multi-operator scenario is a transformative 5G and Edge use case,” said Renu Navale, Vice President and General Manager of Smart Edge Platforms Division at Intel. “This trial demonstrates the possibilities that 5G connectivity and edge computing can bring to connected car solutions, when the broad ecosystem collaborates and uses Intel technologies such as Xeon processors, Smart Edge Open and OpenVINO.”
Capgemini’s ENSCONCE MEC Platform provides multi-tenancy and multi-MNO MEC federation capabilities. The visual compute applications for pedestrian detection and tracking supported by Capgemini’s Orbital Car Situational Awareness V2X platform. To realize the Active and Passive Vulnerable Road User (VRU) use cases, Cisco provides the Edge infrastructure based on CISCO UCS Servers (the Unified Computing Systems that combines computing, network and management in a cohesive architecture) hosting the ESCONCE platform, used to demonstrate Virtual-RSU and host V2X applications that are based on the Intel Xeon Scalable Processors and Intel HDDL-R Visual Accelerators. Harman International and Capgemini provide the Virtual-RSU and RSE solutions respectively to realize various V2X use cases with location-aware and AI inferencing technologies. Harman also offers V2X Application Server and a 5G enabled TCU that integrates seamlessly with Stellantis/FCA car and hosts V2X applications.
“It is key that operators and industry partners collaborate to explore the technical feasibility and benefits to unlock the new business opportunities and services to our customers. In this project, we are jointly evaluating the potential to federate edge cloud compute capabilities across multiple geographies to support low latency use cases, including key connected car use cases being delivered as 5G edge services in a multi-MNO, multi-OEM environment,” said Sunil Joshi, Senior Manager, Global Roaming Products at BT/EE.
“Telecom operators will have a key role in supporting V2X services and this trial demonstrates the value of leveraging mobile architecture, federating edge platforms and allowing local break out in visited network. Such an approach as defined in the GSMA Operator Platform Group allows customers and developers to deploy their applications across multiple operator domains, and our end users to have the best latency and customer experience when accessing their services,” said Juan Carlos Garcia, Senior Vice-President of technology innovation and ecosystems, Telefonica.
“At Harman, we are focused on building connectivity solutions at the intersection of 5G, V2X and Edge Computing that will build more equity on the road for all users,” said Mahsa Nakhjiri, Director, Product Management. “While these technologies can unlock many new use cases and experiences, the most important element of any solution in this space is safety. As programs such as this one fueled by the collaboration of industry leaders and organizations like 5GAA bring a new degree of safety to users, they will also lead to a higher level of confidence in autonomous vehicles.”
Download the event visual here
Watch the video of the event here
Source: Harbor Research1.

Connected Mobility In Europe: 5G Automotive Association Strives For Digitalized, Sustainable And Safer Roads In The Digital Age
Europe needs a harmonized, future-proof regulatory approach that stimulates innovation and recognizes the industrial timeline and evolutionary path of technologies, conducive of European competitiveness and fostering the development of innovative business models. Innovation through C-V2X technology and sustainability-related opportunities for connected mobility were at the heart of the “5G: Connected Mobility in the Digital Age” conference hosted by the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA).
BRUSSELS (BELGIUM), 29 September 2021 – The 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) organized a conference bringing together EU representatives, public authorities, and the connected automotive ecosystem to the heart of Europe at its latest event, 5G: Connected Mobility in the Digital Age. Main objective? Discuss the ongoing challenges and opportunities brought about by the digitalization of road transport on the continent.
From the latest state-of-play and capabilities of Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) to the EU regulatory framework and the importance of the 5G roll-out, the 5GAA-branded conference emphasized the ongoing momentum of the technology in Europe as it supports more and more advanced use cases to ensure safer roads and achieve lower emissions globally.
“When applied to the automotive field, 5G will have the most revolutionary impact by saving millions of lives and reducing accidents on European roads”, 5GAA CTO Maxime Flament said. “The combination of long-range and short-range connectivity C-V2X offers, delivers the optimal setup for safety and efficiency of traffic, in addition to improving environmental footprints. We believe the European Union can achieve its Green Deal climate targets for 2050, if only it boosts the digitalization of its roads – landing a rapid and efficient deployment of 5G along road networks.”
Starting today with LTE-V2X technology, 5G-V2X is paving the way for fully connected and automated mobility. Vehicles and infrastructure can exchange relevant information via LTE-V2X through direct communication mode (not requiring network coverage) or mobile network communications mode, creating a real-time connection between all road users. Many automotive services can be supported by the current global cellular standard LTE-4G, seen as an essential foundation for further progress. As a combination of LTE-V2X and 5G NR, 5G-V2X will enable more advanced connected mobility services and offer a clear path to automated driving – while maintaining service-level interoperability with pre-existing LTE-V2X vehicles. It is thus of utmost importance that the revised Intelligent Transport Systems framework encompasses this tech evolution for Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM) for Europe.
Connected vehicles must reach a critical mass to impact emissions reduction significantly. The Association reiterated that establishing an innovative and investment-friendly regulatory framework that remains technology-neutral will boost Europe’s competitiveness and the number of connected vehicles on the road. As such, a seamless interaction among all stakeholders involved will be pivotal for road operators and public authorities across Europe to meet their policy objectives and enable a smooth service experience across all value-chains – to ensure a smooth 5G roll-out and robust ecosystem cooperation in the global evolving transport ecosystem.
“Our Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy sets out milestones for the transformation of our transport system – and Cooperative, Connected, and Automated Mobility will play a key role: by 2030, we expect automation to be deployed at a large scale” stated Commissioner Vălean. “Automation will be a driver to help make 100 European cities climate-neutral by the same date. And we have another important milestone to reach: by 2050, the fatalities for all modes of transport in the EU should be close to zero. Automated mobility is expected to contribute immensely here. My expectations are high, but so is the potential!”
Indeed, the Association had the pleasure to have European Commissioner for Transport Adina-Ioana Vălean open the conference and address the attendees. The event welcomed high-level representatives such as Daniel Mes, Cabinet of Executive Vice-President for the European Green Deal Frans Timmermans, Charlotte Nørlund-Matthiessen, Cabinet of Commissioner for Transport Adina-Ioana Vălean, Member of European Parliament Henna Virkkunen, Peter Stuckmann, DG CONNECT Head of Unit Future Connectivity Systems, the European Cyclists’ Federation (Jill Warren, Chief Executive Office), Spain’s Directorate-General for Traffic (Ana Isabel Blanco Bergareche, Associated Deputy Director), the City of Turin (Nicola Farronato, Head of Innovation) and the Swedish Transport Administration (Hamid Zarghampour, Chief Strategist Connected and Automated Transports). It also witnessed a strong ecosystem presence, with speakers from 5GAA members BMW, Stellantis, Volvo Cars, Ford, HERE Technologies, Telefonica, TIM and Huawei.

5G Automotive Association Organises Conference on 5G: Connected Mobility in the Digital Age
To advance the dialogue between high-level institutional and industry stakeholders on current challenges in the field of connected and automated mobility, the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) is organising an online conference on 28 September 2021, from 9:15 am to 3:00 am CEST.
Representatives from the European institutions, local and national authorities as well as 5GAA members will discuss ongoing challenges for connected and automated mobility and provide solutions by presenting the capabilities and deployment models of the Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything (“C-V2X”) technology.
AGENDA
Please see the full agenda here.
09:15 – 09:30: Connected Mobility in the Digital Decade
09:30 – 10:15: 5GAA C-V2X visionary roadmap 2030
10:15 – 11:00: The global progress of C-V2X
11:00 – 11:15: Coffee Break
11:15 – 12:15: Panel discussion: Digitalisation of road transport – Quo Vadis, Europe?
12:15 – 13:00: Lunch Break – Exhibition booths
13:00 – 14:00: The path towards road digitalisation
14:00 – 14:45: Panel discussion: Connected Mobility for climate neutrality
14:45 – 15:00: Closing keynote speech
SPEAKERS INCLUDE
- Francesco Lilli, Automotive Research and Advanced Engineering, Global Head of Advanced Connectivity, Stellantis
- Bernardo Campillo Soto, Head of Industry Analysts and Ecosystem, Telefonica
- Wang Xuemin, Vice-President for Standardization & Industry Development, Huawei
- Jovan Zagajac, Product Group Manager, Enterprise Connectivity, Ford Motor Company
- Charlotte Nørlund-Matthiessen, Cabinet of Commissioner for Transport Adina-Ioana Vălean, European Commission
- Johannes Springer, Lead of 5G automotive program, Deutsche Telekom
- Ana Isabel Blanco Bergareche, Directorate-General for Traffic, Spain
- Stephan Durach, Senior Vice President – Connected Company Development, BMW
- Bart Sweerman, Senior Vice President, Services, HERE Technologies GmbH
- Peter Stuckmann, Head of Unit – Future Connectivity Systems, DG CONNECT, European Commission
- Daniele Franceschini, Head of Technology Innovation, Standardization & Portfolio Department, TIM
- Hamid Zarghampour, Chief Strategist, connected and automated transports, Swedish Transport Administration
- Nicola Farronato, Head of Innovation, City of Turin
- Daniel Mes, Member of Frans Timmermans’ Cabinet, European Commission
- Marie Högberg, Head of Connectivity Strategy, Volvo Cars
- Jill Warren, Chief Executive Office, European Cyclists’ Federation
If you have any questions, please get in touch at marcom@5gaa.org

5GAA to Participate to ITS WORLD CONGRESS 2021 in Hamburg, Germany
The 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) is very pleased to participate in the European edition of the ITS World Congress and to be part, alongside its members, of the discussion with global stakeholders in the field of connected mobility. This year, the event will take place from 11 to 15 October 2021 in Hamburg and will allow to “Experience Future Mobility Now.”
ITS World Congress is the world’s largest and most prominent event focused on smart mobility and the digitalisation of transports. It aims to underline the importance of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and raise awareness of smart mobility solutions among policy makers, experts, and the general public. It will be a great opportunity to present the latest developments in ITS and enjoy networking opportunities.
Smart mobility and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are crucial constitutive elements of 5GAA, as the association helps shape technological advances in the field. Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) are the technologies associated with connected vehicles. These technologies, enabled by wireless transactions (V2X), would have a crucial impact on road safety and traffic efficiency. 5GAA supports the idea that 5G will be the ultimate platform to enable C-ITS and the provision of V2X.
5GAA and its members will be involved in different activities.
- During the event, we will have a booth where both industry and media visitors can learn more about 5GAA’s action to foster connected mobility.
- On 13 October, from 2 to 3 pm CEST we will host a press tour, moderated by Roger Lanctot, which will focus on concrete examples of C-V2X solutions as shown by 5GAA member demonstrations and booths. The members featured in the tour will be Qualcomm, Bosch, Telefonica, Deutsche Telekom & Continental, Novatel/Hexagon, Fraunhofer Institute FOKUS.
- 5GAA will also organise a workshop on “Connecting to Future Mobility”, from 9 am to 12 pm CEST, in Room X10 of the Congress Centre, followed by a networking lunch. The session will be a great opportunity to discuss the acceleration of C-V2X deployment and future-proof investments in digital infrastructure, compare the specifics between road corridors and urban areas, and to exchange about digital mobility services at large.
The discussion will outline the cooperation models enabling the deployment and use of 5G infrastructures for connected and automated mobility. The workshop aims at bridging representatives of national, regional & local road authorities and operators together with industry representatives.Register here to attend the event.

STiCAD Safety Treatment in Connected and Automated Driving Functions
This STiCAD work item seeks to determine, propose and evaluate possibilities for telecommunication operators, vendors, and any further identified stakeholders to provide what is necessary in order to enable the car OEM to better treat safety for systems that exist beyond a single-vehicle. To achieve this, it was decided to find representative safety requirements for two selected use cases that cover the V2X scenarios of direct communication and network-based information delivery.
Read the full technical report

Roadmap to 5G Connected Driving – Financial Times Digital Dialogue sponsored by 5GAA
On 20 October 2020, the 5G Automotive Association took part in one of the Financial Times Digital Dialogues moderated by Michael Pooler, Manufacturing Editor at Financial Times.
A successful and insightful session focused on the “Roadmap towards 5G Connected Driving”.
Oliver Bahns, Senior Vice-President Connected Mobility Deutsche Telecom AG, T-Systems, Digital Solutions; Kelei Shen, CTO Harman; and Stephan Durach, Senior Vice President, Connected Company Development, Technical Operations, BMW Group, highlighted the most critical issues around V2X Services.
Some of the topics covered were:
- What are the most prevalent and common features of connectivity currently available in the field of vehicles-to-everything?
- Why is the automotive sector such an attractive prospect for 5G? Why does full connectivity of cars with everything require 5G as opposed to 4G?
- What are the most exciting emerging technological advances in 5G and V2X?
- What are the technological obstacles and how are they being overcome?
Rewatch the full session below.
Roadmap to 5G Connected Driving – Financial Times Digital Dialogue sponsored by 5GAA
On 20 October 2020, the 5G Automotive Association took part in one of the Financial Times Digital Dialogues moderated by Michael Pooler, Manufacturing Editor at Financial Times.
A successful and insightful session focused on the “Roadmap towards 5G Connected Driving”.
Oliver Bahns, Senior Vice-President Connected Mobility Deutsche Telecom AG, T-Systems, Digital Solutions; Kelei Shen, CTO Harman; and Stephan Durach, Senior Vice President, Connected Company Development, Technical Operations, BMW Group, highlighted the most critical issues around V2X Services.
Some of the topics covered were:
- What are the most prevalent and common features of connectivity currently available in the field of vehicles-to-everything?
- Why is the automotive sector such an attractive prospect for 5G? Why does full connectivity of cars with everything require 5G as opposed to 4G?
- What are the most exciting emerging technological advances in 5G and V2X?
- What are the technological obstacles and how are they being overcome?
Rewatch the full session below.

Privacy by Design Aspects of C-V2X
Connected vehicles, as part of the emerging Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) are positioned to transform the future of mobility – a change enabled by the exchange of messages between vehicles and between vehicles and transport infrastructure. As these messages are constantly broadcasting data, including vehicle speed and location, this raises potential concern about how to address privacy and data protection.
In this document, we take a fresh look at the latest technological architectures that feature Privacy by Design. We focus specifically on Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM) and Decentralised Environmental Notification Messages (DENM), where privacy protection is offered by using pseudonym certificates that do not contain any identifying information. A Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) system takes care of the provision and overall management of the corresponding cryptographic keys. In this document, we review how current PKI system design can help address the risk of tracking from outside and inside attackers, and we identify challenges and privacy risks that remain unresolved. We give some suggestions in terms of future research and conclude the document with general recommendations.
Read the full White Paper

New report released to support vehicle to infrastructure connectivity deployment
5GAA, a global cross-industry consortium working to develop end-to-end solutions for future mobility and transportation services, commissioned Ricardo to develop the report to help improve understanding of the costs, challenges and opportunities of different communication technology approaches to Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) use cases.
V2I is not a new technology consideration, with research and development activities related to connected vehicle applications ongoing for over two decades. However, there is now growing momentum for wider scale deployment of communication technologies in both vehicles and road infrastructure.
To date deployment activities have been fragmented and relatively slow, due to continued emphasis on research, no common vision of communication technologies and market uncertainty, making it challenging for most stakeholders to develop suitable business cases.
To help support a greater understanding of financial viability of the communication approaches implemented in the EU and US V2I market, Ricardo transport and mobility experts, supported by technical experts from Roke Manor Research, analysed a range options which include the use of a pure cellular network system and using a combination of the cellular network with direct communication interfaces via the radio spectrum.
Using outputs from extensive research and engagement with key ecosystem players, the study weighs up strengths, weaknesses and complementarity of the different communications technologies in terms of their technical performance and costs, aligning them with the different use cases. For example, the cost analysis highlights that a pure cellular deployment approach in Europe and US is 40-45% lower cost compared with deployments that include direct communication roadside units.
To recognise the opportunities and benefits identified, Ricardo’s experts have made a number of recommendations that include increased cooperation and communication of roadmaps between vehicle manufacturers, central government, road operators and cellular technology providers – in particular with the consideration of interoperability of technology solutions. Central government are also identified as playing a key role through effective implementation of financial instruments to leverage private sector investment and support wider deployment.
Denis Naberezhnykh, Ricardo’s transport technical director commented: “Increased communication and connectivity between vehicle and infrastructure have the potential to create significant benefit, not only to the user of the vehicle, but also through wide-ranging societal benefits that will positively impact the economy, community mobility and the environment. The current fragmentation of technical approaches and stakeholders has the potential to significantly slow V2I market adoption and so we’re proud to develop this report, on behalf of 5GAA, to create greater understanding of financial viability and how that aligns with technology choices, as well as to help identify where increased collaboration is needed”.
Ricardo plc is a global, world-class, multi-industry consultancy for engineering, technology, project innovation and strategy. Our people are committed to providing outstanding value through quality engineering solutions focused on high efficiency, low emission, class-leading product innovation and robust strategic implementation. With a century of delivering excellence and value through technology, our client list includes the world’s major transportation original equipment manufacturers, supply chain organizations, energy companies, financial institutions and governments. Guided by our corporate values of respect, integrity, creativity & innovation and passion, we enable our customers to achieve sustainable growth and commercial success. Ricardo is listed in the FTSE4Good Index, which identifies global companies that demonstrate strong environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices. For more information, visit www.ricardo.com.
Ricardo Energy & Environment is a leading sustainability consultancy, helping clients to respond to environmental challenges and opportunities around the world. Its team of over 450 staff draws on an impressive heritage supporting governments and businesses for over 40 years. The consultancy is an operating division of Ricardo plc. For more information, visit https://ee.ricardo.com/.
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Cost Analysis of V2I Deployment
The purpose of the study has been to analyse different Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) deployment options from a financial, business and market point of view, while avoiding going into the technical discussion of the superiority of one technology over the other. Therefore, the objective of this report is to improve the understanding of the costs and their variability, as well as the challenges and opportunities around the four deployment options, to inform the development of business cases.